or bundle from Germany. The weaver having bought the yarn, prepared it for the loom, by the operation of warping, which was done upon pegs fastened into a wall. The weft, or transverse threads of the cloth was composed of cotton, which was also bought by the weaver from cotton dealers. The cotton being beaten and cleaned from dirt and impurities, was carded, or brushed with coarse wire brushes, or hand cards, about twelve inches long and five inches wide, the carder holding one in each hand. The cotton cardings were then converted into a coarse thread or roving, by twisting one end to the spindle of a hand-wheel, turning the wheel which moved the spindle with the right hand, and at the same time drawing out the carding horizontally with the left. The motion thus communicated to the carding twisted it spirally; when twisted, it was wound upon the spindle, another card- ing was attached to it, drawn out and twisted; thus was formed a continued coarse thread or roving. The rovings were then taken to the spinner to be converted into weft. The hand-wheel was again used for this purpose, and the rovings were drawn out into weft, nearly in the same manner as the cardings were made into rovings. The double operations of roving and spinning were requisite, in order to procure a thread fine enough for the weaver. The warp was placed between two beams about five feet asunder, and passed through two healds; the healds were worked by two treddles, the motion of which were separately distinct, and alternately elevated and depressed the healds ; the shuttle was thrown by the right hand, and caught on the other side by the left hand. In weaving fustians above thirty-six inches broad, two men were required to one loom, because one man could not extend his arms sufficiently to throw back the shuttle through the warp, from one hand to the other; two were consequently necessary, one on each side of the loom, to receive and throw back the shuttle.